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• PROMIS Methodology
• Pediatric Methodology
• Selected Publications
• Presentations
• Public Use Data
• Origins of PROMIS
• Legacy Scales & Items
• Qualitative Item Review
• Calibration Testing
• Validity Studies

PROMIS Standards for Measure Development

The PROMIS^® Instrument Development and Psychometric Evaluation Scientific Standards provides clinicians and researchers with a set of standards that serve as the scientific foundation and guidance for the development for the development and evaluation of PROMIS^® item banks and instruments.

Selected Publications

Below are selected references that provide the best summary of PROMIS instruments. A complete list of PROMIS in the literature can be found at the Publications by Year page.

General

A triplet of manuscripts published in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology speaks to the reliability and validity of PROMIS instruments.

• Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D. J., Choi, S. W., Cook, K. F., DeVellis, R., DeWalt, D., Fries, J. F., Gershon, R., Hahn, E., Pilkonis, P., Revicki, D., Rose, M., Weinfurt, K., & Hays, R. D. on behalf of the PROMIS Cooperative Group. (2010). Initial item banks and first wave testing of the Patient–Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) network: 2005–2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(11), 1179-94.
• Liu, H. H., Cella, D., Gershon, R., Shen, J., Morales, L. S., Riley, W., & Hays, R. D. (2010). Representativeness of the PROMIS Internet panel. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(11), 1169-78.
• Rothrock, N. E., Hays, R. D., Spritzer, K., Yount, S. E., Riley, W., and Cella, D. (2010). Relative to the general US population, chronic diseases are associated with poorer health–related quality of life as measured by the Patient–Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(11), 1195-204.

One manuscript summarizes content validity issues discussed within PROMIS.

• Magasi, S., Ryan, G., Revicki, D., Lenderking, W., Hays, R. D., Brod, M., Snyder, C., Boers, M., & Cella, D. (2011). Content validity of patient reported outcomes: Perspectives from a PROMIS meeting. Quality of Life Research, 25 Aug 2011.

One manuscript outlines minimally important differences for PROMIS measures.

• Yost, K. J., Eton, D. T., Garcia, S. F., & Cella, D. (2011). Minimally important differences were estimated for six PROMIS-Cancer scales in advanced-stage cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 64(5), 507-16.

One manuscript describes PROMIS methodologies and the benefits of using PROMIS tools to measure health outcomes in children.

• Forrest, C.B., Bevans, K.B, Tucker, C., Riley, A.W., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Gardner, W., & Pajer, K. (2012). Commentary: The Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) for children and youth: Application to pediatric psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, epub 2012/2/23.

Three earlier manuscripts describe the PROMIS instrument development methodology.

• Cella, D., Yount, S., Rothrock, N., Gershon, R., Cook, K., Reeve, B., Ader, D., Fries, J. F., Bruce, B., Matthias, R., & on behalf of the PROMIS cooperative group. (2007). The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): Progress of an NIH Roadmap Cooperative Group during its first two years. Medical Care, 45(5), S3-11. (PMID: 17443116)
• DeWalt, D.A., Rothrock, N., Yount S., Stone, A., on behalf of the PROMIS Cooperative Group. Evaluation of Item Candidates -The PROMIS Qualitative Item Review. Med Care 2007; 45: S12-S21.
• Reeve, B., Hays, R. D., Bjorner, J., Cook, K., Crane, P. K., Teresi, J. A., Thissen, D., Revicki, D. A., Weiss, D. J., Hambleton, R. K., Liu, H., Gershon, R., Reise, S. P., Lai, J. S., Cella, D., & on behalf of the PROMIS cooperative group. (2007). Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health–related quality of life item banks: Plans for the Patient–Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Medical Care, 45(5), S22–31.

Pediatric

• Forrest, C.B., Bevans, K.B., Tucker, C., Riley, A.W., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Gardner, W., & Pajer, K. (2012). Commentary: the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) for Children and Youth: Application to pediatric psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, epub 2012/2/23.

Parent Proxy

• Irwin, D.E., Gross, H.E., Stucky, B.D., Thissen, D., DeWitt, E.M., Lai, J.S., Amtmann, D., Khastou, L., Varni, J.W., & DeWalt, D.A. (2012). Development of six PROMIS pediatrics proxy-report item banks. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 22.

Physical Function

Adult

• Rose, M., Bjorner, J. B., Becker, J., Fries, J. F., & Ware, J. E. (2008). Evaluation of a preliminary physical function item bank supports the expected advantages of the Patient–Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61(1) 17–33.

Pediatric

• DeWitt, E. M., Stucky, B. D., Thissen, D., Irwin, D. E., Langer, M., Varni, J. W., Lai, J-S, Yeatts, K. B., & DeWalt, D. A. (2011). Construction of the eight item PROMIS Pediatric Physical Function Scales: Built using item response theory. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 64(7), 794-804. epub 2011/02/05.

Pain

Adult

• Amtmann, D. A., Cook, K. F., Jensen, M. P., Chen, W-H., Choi, S. W., Revicki, D., Cella, D., Rothrock, N., Keefe, F., Callahan, L., Lai, J-S. (2010). Development of a PROMIS item bank to measure pain interference. Pain, 150(1), 173–82.
• Revicki, D. A., Chen, W-H., Harnam, N., Cook, K., Amtmann, D., Callahan, L. F., Jensen, M. P., & Keefe, F. J. (2009). Development and psychometric analysis of the PROMIS pain behavior item bank. Pain, 146(1–2), 158–69. (PMCID: PMC2775487)

Pediatric

• Varni, J. W., Stucky, B. D., Thissen, D., DeWitt, E. M., Irwin, D., Lai, J-S., Yeatts, K., & DeWalt, D. A. (2010). PROMIS Pediatric Pain Interference Scale: An item response theory analysis of the Pediatric Pain Item Bank. Journal of Pain, 11(11), 1109-19.

Fatigue

• Garcia, S. F., Cella, D., Clauser, S. B., Flynn, K. E., Lad, T., Lai, J. S., Reeve, B., Smith, A. W., Stone, A. A., & Weinfurt, K. P. (2007). Standardizing patient–reported outcomes assessment in cancer clinical trials: a PROMIS initiative. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25(32), 5106–12.

Sleep

• Buysse, D. J., Moul, D. E., Germain, A., Yu, L., Stover, A. M., Dodds, N. E., Johnston, K. L., Shablesky–Cade, M. A., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2010). Development and validation of patient–reported outcome measures for sleep disturbance and sleep–related impairments. Sleep, 33(6), 781–92.
• Yu, L., Buysse, D. J., Moul, D. E., Germain, A., Stover, A. M., Dodds, N. E., Johnston, K. L., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2012). Development of short forms from the PROMIS™ Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment Item Banks. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 10(1), 6-24.

Asthma Impact

• Yeatts, K. B., Stucky, B. D., Thissen, D., Irwin, D., Varni, J. W., DeWitt, E. M., Lai, J-S., & DeWalt, D. A. (2010). Construction of the Pediatric Asthma Impact Scale (PAIS) for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Journal of Asthma, 47(3), 295–302.

Emotional Distress

Adult

• Pilkonis, P.A., Choi, S.W., Reise, S.P., Stover, A.M., Riley, W.T., Cella, D., on behalf of the PROMIS Cooperative Group. (2011). Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS^®): depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment, 18(3), 263-283. (PMCID: PMC3153635)

Pediatric

• Irwin, D. E., Stucky, B., Langer, M. M., Thissen, D., DeWitt, E. M., Lai, J-S., Varni, J. W., Yeatts, K., & DeWalt, D. A. (2010). An item response analysis of the pediatric PROMIS anxiety and depressive symptoms scales. Quality of Life Research, 19(4), 595–607.

Psychosocial Illness Impact

• Lai, J-S., Garcia, S.F., Salsman, J.M., Rosenbloom, S., & Cella, D. (2012). The psychosocial impact of cancer: Evidence in support of independent general positive and negative components. Quality of Life Research, 21(2), 195-207.

Sexual Function

• Flynn, K. E., Jeffery, D. D., Keefe, F. J., Porter, L. S., Shelby, R. A., Fawzy, M. R., Gosselin, T. K., Reeve, B. B., & Weinfurt, K. P. (2011). Sexual functioning along the cancer continuum: focus group results from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Psycho-Oncology, 20(4), 378-86.

Social Health

• Bode, R.K., Hahn, E.A., DeVellis, R., Cella, D., on behalf of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Social Domain Working Group. (2010). Measuring participation: the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System experience. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(9 Suppl 1), S60-S65.
• Hahn, E. A., DeVellis, R. F., Bode, R. K., Garcia, S. F., Castel, L. D., Eisen, S. V., Bosworth, H. B., Heinemann, A. W., Rothrock, N., Cella, D., & on behalf of the PROMIS Cooperative Group. (2010). Measuring social health in the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): Item bank development and testing. Quality of Life Research, 19(7), 1035-44.

Global Health

• Hays, R. D., Bjorner, J., Revicki, R. A., Spritzer, K. L., & Cella, D. (2009). Development of physical and mental health summary scores from the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) global items. Quality of Life Research, 18(7), 873–80.
• Revicki D. A., Kawata, A. K., Harnam, N., Chen, W-H., Hays, R. D., & Cella, D. (2009). Predicting EuroQol (EQ-5D) scores from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global items and domain item banks in a United States sample. Quality of Life Research, 18(6), 783-791.

Clinical Practice

• Khanna, D., Maranian, P., Rothrock, N., Cella, D., Gershon, R., Khanna, P.P., Spiegel, B., Furst, D.E., Clements, P.J., Bechtel, A., & Hays, R.D. (2012). Feasibility and construct validity of PROMIS and “legacy” instruments in an academic scleroderma clinic. Value Health, 15(1), 128-34.

Disease-Specific Assessment

• Khanna, D., Krishnan, E., DeWitt, E.M., Khanna, P.P., Spiegel, B., & Hays, R.D. (2011). The future of measuring patient-reported outcomes in rheumatology: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Arthritis Care & Research, 63, S486-S490.
• Spiegel, B.M., Khanna. D., Bolus, R., Agarwal, N., Khanna, P., Chang, L. (2011). Understanding gastrointestinal distress: a framework for clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol, 106(3), 380-5.

Assessment Center

• Gershon, R. C., Rothrock, N. E., Hanrahan, R. T., Jansky, L. J., Harniss, M., Riley, W. (2010). The development of a clinical outcomes survey research application: Assessment Center. Quality of Life Research, 19(5), 677-85.