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Translations

PROMIS items are translated using a universal approach. Applying a universal approach to translations results in one version for multiple countries instead of country–specific versions of the same language (e.g., Spanish for Mexico, Spanish for Spain, and Spanish for Puerto Rico). It requires that translators from different regions or dialects contribute to the process. Other aspects include avoiding colloquial expressions and pre–testing the questionnaire with participants from relevant regions. A universal approach enables comparisons across subgroups of Spanish speaking populations, assuming the scale applied is unbiased; it minimizes bias introduced by multiple translations in a clinical trial; and reduces supplier–induced demand bias, as translation companies are able to profit more by producing country–specific versions.

PROMIS Translations–Language Availability and Translations in Progress

Subdomain	Bank – Calibrated English Items Available	Bank – Calibrated English Items Translation in Progress	Uncalibrated English Items Available	Uncalibrated English Items Translation in Progress	Short-Form Available	Short-Form Translation in Progress	Short-Form Translations Pending Approval by PROMIS Statistical Center
Anger (29)	Spanish	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	Spanish (14)		Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Anxiety (29)	Spanish	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese (PROMIS researcher to start German translation soon)	Spanish (19)		Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Depression (28)	Spanish, German (may need additional testing before distribution)	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	Spanish (25)		Spanish, Czech, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Fatigue (95)	Spanish	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	Spanish (22)		Spanish, Czech, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese, Afrikaans, Estonian, Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Swedish (have also received a request for permission to translate into Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, and Korean)
Pain Behavior (39)	Spanish	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	n/a		Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Pain Interference (41)	Spanish, German (may need additional testing before distribution)	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	Spanish (6)		Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Physical Function (124)	Spanish	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	Spanish (15)		Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Sleep Disturbance (27)		Spanish, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	n/a		Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	Bulgarian, German, Hungarian, Japanese, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Ukrainian
Sleep-Related Impairment (16)		Spanish, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	n/a		Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Social Satisfaction_DSA (12)	Spanish	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	n/a		Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Social Satisfaction_Roles (14)	Spanish, German (may need additional testing before distribution)	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese	n/a		Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Social Function (47) (bank not finalized in English)	Spanish				Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Social Support (42) (bank not finalized in English)	Spanish				Spanish	Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese
Social Isolation (15) (bank not finalized in English)	Spanish
Social Satisfaction (44) (bank not finalized in English)	Spanish
Global (10)	Spanish	Portuguese, Mainland Chinese or Simplified Chinese (one item)	n/a		Spanish	Portuguese, French, German
Pediatric* (156)	Spanish	Portuguese	Spanish (1)	Portuguese	Spanish	Portuguese

Selected items (5) from Fatigue, Pain Interference, Physical Function, Sleep/Wake, and Social-Satisfaction_ Roles banks are also available in Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, and Norwegian.

* Pediatric items: Anger (Short-Form), Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Pain Interference, Peer Relationships, Mobility, Upper Extremity, and Asthma